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1 growth
1) рост; развитие2) выращивание, культивированиеpoor growth — слабый [скудный] рост
submerged growth — глубинный [погружённый] рост
Англо-русский терминологический перечень по культуре тканей растений > growth
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2 solution
səˈlu:ʃən сущ.
1) а) растворение б) раствор;
мед. микстура, жидкое лекарство saline solution ≈ соляной раствор strong solution ≈ крепкий раствор weak solution ≈ слабый раствор
2) решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) to apply a solution ≈ применять решение to find a solution ≈ найти решение easy solution ≈ простое решение glib solution ≈ простое решение ideal solution ≈ идеальное решение ingenious solution ≈ оригинальное решение neat solution ≈ изящное решение satisfactory solution ≈ удовлетворительное решение решение;
разрешение (проблемы и т. п.) ;
объяснение - * of a difficulty выход из затруднения - * of one's doubts разрешение чьих-либо сомнений - * to (for) a puzzle решение загадки, ключ к загадке;
ответ к кроссворду - * of a question решение вопроса - * to a grievance удовлетворение жалобы (медицина) разрешение болезни;
окончание болезни (медицина) кризис( в течении болезни) растворение, распускание - * of sugar in tea растворение сахара в чае раствор - chemical (saturated, strong, weak) * химический (насыщенный, крепкий, слабый) раствор - to make (to mix) a * приготовить раствор растворенное состояние - to hold some substance in * держать какое-либо вещество в растворе( растворенным) - his ideas are still in * его взгляды все еще не сформировались микстура, жидкое лекарство( специальное) разрыв, прерывность;
раздробление - * of connection разрыв (нарушение) связи - * of continuity разрыв непрерывности;
нарушение преемственности;
(медицина) разрыв (нарушение) целостности тканей обрабатывать или покрывать раствором algorithm architecture ~ вчт. реализация алгоритма с учетом архитектуры машины asymptotic ~ асимптотическое решение asymptotical ~ асимптотическое решение balanced-growth ~ решение для модели сбалансированного роста basic ~ основное решение complex ~ комплексное решение compromise ~ компромиссное решение continuous ~ непрерывное решение damped ~ затухающее решение degenerate ~ вырожденное решение discrete ~ дискретное решение dual feasible ~ возможное решение двойственной задачи dual feasible ~ план двойственной задачи equilibrium ~ равновесное решение equitable ~ справедливое решение farsighted ~ дальновидное решение feasible ~ допустимое решение final ~ окончательное решение forward-looking ~ дальновидное решение graphic ~ графическое решение graphical ~ графическое решение ~ решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) ;
объяснение;
his ideas are in solution его взгляды еще не установились initial ~ исходное решение least-squares ~ решение методом наименьших квадратов locally optimal ~ локально оптимальное решение minimizing ~ минимизирующее решение nondegenerate ~ невырожденное решение nonoptimal ~ неоптимальное решение numerical ~ численное решение optimal ~ оптимальное решение optimum ~ оптимальное решение package ~ комплексное решение partial ~ частное решение probabilistic ~ вероятностное решение propose a ~ предлагать решение provisional ~ предварительное решение pseudo-dual ~ решение псевдодвойственной задачи pure-strategy ~ решение в чистых стратегиях regular ~ регулярное решение singular ~ особое решение solution исполнение обязательств ~ мед. микстура, жидкое лекарство ~ мед. окончание болезни, разрешение ~ очистка долга ~ разрешение, решение (вопроса и т.п.) ~ разрешение проблемы ~ раствор ~ растворение;
распускание ~ решение, разрешение (вопроса и т. п.) ;
объяснение;
his ideas are in solution его взгляды еще не установились ~ решение ~ of game вчт. решение игры tailored ~ решение, принятое с учетом поправок task ~ решение задачи temporary ~ временное решение trial-and-error ~ решение методом проб и ошибок unique ~ однозначное решение variable ~ продуктивное решение zero ~ нулевое решениеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > solution
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3 Wool Quality
In intention wool quality is meant to be an estimation of the probable spinning value of a given lot or sample of wool. The estimation requires skill of a very high order and those who have to buy and sell wool on the sight and feel of samples have developed a surprising soundness of judgment. In the United Kingdom wools are given quality numbers and a 64's quality wool should spin satisfactory yarn as fine as 64's worsted counts. This is not absolute and many factors influence quality estimations, such as fibre fineness, average length of fibres, uniformity of growth or otherwise, e.g., defects or weaknesses caused by drought, illness of the sheep, etc., crimp, waviness, etc. -
4 Arkwright, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 23 December 1732 Preston, Englandd. 3 August 1792 Cromford, England[br]English inventor of a machine for spinning cotton.[br]Arkwright was the youngest of thirteen children and was apprenticed to a barber; when he was about 18, he followed this trade in Bol ton. In 1755 he married Patients Holt, who bore him a son before she died, and he remarried in 1761, to Margaret Biggins. He prospered until he took a public house as well as his barber shop and began to lose money. After this failure, he travelled around buying women's hair for wigs.In the late 1760s he began spinning experiments at Preston. It is not clear how much Arkwright copied earlier inventions or was helped by Thomas Highs and John Kay but in 1768 he left Preston for Nottingham, where, with John Smalley and David Thornley as partners, he took out his first patent. They set up a mill worked by a horse where machine-spun yarn was produced successfully. The essential part of this process lay in drawing out the cotton by rollers before it was twisted by a flyer and wound onto the bobbin. The partners' resources were not sufficient for developing their patent so Arkwright found new partners in Samuel Need and Jedediah Strutt, hosiers of Nottingham and Derby. Much experiment was necessary before they produced satisfactory yarn, and in 1771 a water-driven mill was built at Cromford, where the spinning process was perfected (hence the name "waterframe" was given to his spinning machine); some of this first yarn was used in the hosiery trade. Sales of all-cotton cloth were initially limited because of the high tax on calicoes, but the tax was lowered in 1774 by Act of Parliament, marking the beginning of the phenomenal growth of the cotton industry. In the evidence for this Act, Arkwright claimed that he had spent £12,000 on his machine. Once Arkwright had solved the problem of mechanical spinning, a bottleneck in the preliminary stages would have formed but for another patent taken out in 1775. This covered all preparatory processing, including some ideas not invented by Arkwright, with the result that it was disputed in 1783 and finally annulled in 1785. It contained the "crank and comb" for removing the cotton web off carding engines which was developed at Cromford and solved the difficulty in carding. By this patent, Arkwright had mechanized all the preparatory and spinning processes, and he began to establish water-powered cotton mills even as far away as Scotland. His success encouraged many others to copy him, so he had great difficulty in enforcing his patent Need died in 1781 and the partnership with Strutt ended soon after. Arkwright became very rich and financed other spinning ventures beyond his immediate control, such as that with Samuel Oldknow. It was estimated that 30,000 people were employed in 1785 in establishments using Arkwright's patents. In 1786 he received a knighthood for delivering an address of thanks when an attempt to assassinate George III failed, and the following year he became High Sheriff of Derbyshire. He purchased the manor of Cromford, where he died in 1792.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1786.Bibliography1769, British patent no. 931.1775, British patent no. 1,111.Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (a thorough scholarly work which is likely to remain unchallenged for many years).R.L.Hills, 1973, Richard Arkwright and Cotton Spinning, London (written for use in schools and concentrates on Arkwright's technical achievements).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, Manchester (concentrates on the work of Arkwright and Strutt).A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (covers the period leading up to the Industrial Revolution).F.Nasmith, 1932, "Richard Arkwright", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 13 (looks at the actual spinning invention).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (discusses the technical problems of Arkwright's invention).RLH -
5 Heuristics
[A]t one point AM [Automatic Mathematician] had some notions of sets, set-operations, numbers, and simple arithmetic. One heuristic rule it knew said " If F is an interesting relation, then look at its inverse". This rule fired after AM had studied "multiplication" for a while. The r.h.s. of the rule then directed AM to define and study the relation "divisors-of" (e.g. divisors-of (12) {1,2,3,4,6,12}. Another heuristic rule that later fired said " If f is a relation from A into B, then it's worth examining those members of A which map into extremal members of B." In this case, f was matched to "divisors-of", A was "numbers", B was "sets of numbers", and an extremal member of B might be, e.g., a very small set of numbers. Thus this heuristic rule caused AM to define the set of numbers with no divisors, the set of numbers with only 1 divisor, with only 2 divisors, etc. One of these sets (the last [ sic] mentioned) turned out subsequently to be quite important; these numbers are of course the primes. (Lenat & Harris, 1978, p. 30)Extraordinarily rapid progress during the early stages of an attack on a new problem area is a rather common occurrence in AI research; it merely signifies that the test cases with which the system has been challenged are below the level of difficulty where combinatorial explosion of the number of pathways in the problem space sets in.... It is the goal of AI research to move that threshold higher and higher on the scale of problem complexity through the introduction of heuristics-heuristics to reduce the rate of growth of the solution tree, heuristics to guide the development of the tree so that it will be rich in pathways leading to satisfactory problem solutions, and heuristics to direct the search to the "best" of these pathways. (Gelernter, quoted in Barr & Feigenbaum, 1982, pp. 139-140)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Heuristics
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